Such a thick layer can be observed when the liquid is held within a transparent container and the observer is looking at the top most portion of the liquid from the sides of the transparent container.

Total internal reflection–fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (TIR-FCS) is an emerging technique that is used to measure events at or near an interface, including local fluorophore concentrations, ...

The Wolfson Bioimaging Facility provides total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF) with its multi-laser, dual-camera Olympus/Abbelight SAFe360 system which also offers single molecule ...

Refraction close refractionProcess by which a wave changes speed and sometimes direction upon entering a denser or less dense medium, eg a light ray changes direction when refracted by a lens. from a ...