This article focuses on the types of cleanrooms categorized as dilution type found in the pharmaceutical industry — ISO7, ISO8, ISO9 — and the engineering tools available for designing such spaces.

Advances in simulation and the development of digital twins. The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic has triggered an unprecedented demand for faster and more flexible biopharmaceutical ...

To understand 1D-3D CFD and 3D-1D CFD, we have reviewed the history of attempts at both loose and close coupling of 1D and 3D CFD codes, the motivations of engineers who did it, and the benefits to be ...